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The illusion of causality is a behavioural bias in which we believe there is a cause-and-effect relationship at work which just isn’t there. This bias is created because we humans love a simple causal relationship – rules make us feel like we understand the world better and are in control, to some degree. This bias is pretty prevalent in how people think about the markets and economy. Unfortunately, neither lends itself to simple cause and effect because both are such complex systems with countless moving parts. Those parts are the behaviours of all consumers, corporations, investors, governments, etc.; best of luck truly deciphering a simple cause and effect in such a dynamic, fluid system.
Rate hikes and inflation may be one of those illusions of causality that is pretty prevalent today among investors. The playbook is well known: Inflation is caused by too much demand compared to supply. To fight inflation, central banks raise overnight rates, which slows the economy or aggregate demand, alleviating said inflation.
So that is clearly what has happened, right? On the surface, it sure looks that way. We focus on America, but it is similar in most countries. Inflation started rising materially in 2021, central banks started raising rates in 2022, and inflation peaked around the middle of the same year. As inflation has been trending lower for over a year, central banks have now stopped raising rates and are now expected to cut rates this year.
The bonus has been the absence of a recession. Historically, rate-hike cycles like this one have been followed by some sort of recession. So far, that has not shown up, emboldening the soft landing narrative, which appears firmly baked into the markets as we start 2024.
What if the consensus has it all wrong? Or, more specifically, the consensus has the causal illusion that rate hikes solved the inflation problem, and since no recession is evident yet, it all worked out perfectly. Rate hikes are supposed to lower or slow demand, sometimes called “demand destruction,” to alleviate inflation pressure. Don’t think we have seen much of that, for a few reasons.
On its own, higher interest rates slow down demand or economic activity. But there have been other factors at work here that are diametrically opposed. Fed raising rates slows economic activity, but the Fed injecting liquidity to backstop the regional bank failures in March of 2023 was a quantitative stimulus. Added to this, the draining of the Repo market over the past six months was stimulus. Added to this, the U.S. government is running a deficit that rivals the stimulative spending usually only seen during recessions.
The U.S. is not the only government. It seems if governments spend a lot of money, in the recent case to provide support for the economy during a pandemic, they sure don’t rush to reduce spending back to normal afterwards. This also fits nicely with why no recession has started to show up.
It really explains why demand, measured by consumption and private investment, has remained pretty robust even with short-term rates rising from nearly zero to 5.5%. This measure of demand did slow a bit in 2022 but has largely turned back positive. You could say it is excess savings, government spending, and a splash of QE helping counteract the impact of higher rates. Clearly, trying to draw a simple cause and effect is challenging, given so many components in flux.
So why did inflation come back down from 6.5% to below 4%, and trending lower? It is clearly hard to argue that rate hikes have resulted in softer demand. Chances are it is on the other side of the ledger – supply.
Capitalist economies work rather well. When there is not enough of something, people find a way to get it/make it and sell it. The pandemic messed with supply chains and changed our consumption behaviours. Ever since then, capacity has been expanding, relocating to better meet demand. The Fed’s rate hikes didn’t tame inflation – corporations did.
The chart below shows inflation lagged one year versus global supply chain pressure. Inflation peaked about a year after supply chain pressures peaked. Supply chain pressures have steadily improved and gone negative recently. Chances are prices will continue to follow.
We are not implying rate hikes had no impact on inflation. It is certainly a positive contributor to helping bring inflation down. However, other parts of the government have been operating in a counterproductive manner. And don’t underestimate profit-driven corporations for identifying and meeting demand in the marketplace.
It is challenging to try and draw causation in the economy or markets. Believing it has been the central banks that tamed inflation simply doesn’t add up when demand has remained robust. Likely it has been corporate capacity catching up with changing demand that has helped more so in bringing inflation lower. Dare we say inflation was transitory after all? Just maybe the time implied in being transitory was measured in years, not quarters or months.
This also should give some pause to the euphoric market view that cooling inflation will encourage central banks to start cutting rates. They will likely cut sometime in 2024, but there are many other moving parts. What happens when the Repo market is largely drained? Will QT be back on in full effect? The fiscal impulse from government spending is set to slow in 2024. Plus, don’t forget the impact of rate changes, which has large variable lagged impacts on the economy that are still percolating their way through.
A lot of moving parts really make drawing causation challenging.
Craig Basinger is the Chief Market Strategist at Purpose Investments Inc. and portfolio manager of several Purpose funds, including Purpose Tactical Thematic Fund.
Notes and disclaimer
Content copyright © 2024 by Purpose Investments Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part by any means without prior written permission is prohibited. This article first appeared on the “Market Ethos” page of the Purpose Investments’ website. Used with permission.
Charts are sourced from Bloomberg unless otherwise noted.
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